Dysfunctional menstrual cycles are primarily associated with alterations in which hormone?

• A. Testosterone
• B. Estrogen
• C. Prolactin
• D. Androgen

Answer: (B)

Dysfunctional menstrual cycles are closely tied to alterations in estrogen levels. Estrogen plays a crucial role in regulating the menstrual cycle, influencing the development of the endometrium during the follicular phase and triggering the surge in luteinizing hormone that leads to ovulation. When estrogen levels are imbalanced, it can disrupt the timing and regularity of the menstrual cycle, leading to conditions such as oligomenorrhea (infrequent menstruation) or amenorrhea (absence of menstruation).

In cases of hormonal imbalances, such as those seen in conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or during perimenopause, estrogen levels can fluctuate significantly. This fluctuation can result in dysfunctional cycles, characterized by irregular bleeding or changes in flow, which is the primary reason why estrogen is the hormone most commonly linked to alterations in menstrual function.